Garh Panchkot, literally “fort of the five divisions” (garh = fort; panchkot = five regions or fortified wards), is one of the most evocative historical ruins in eastern India. The name derives from the five concentric fortification walls that once encircled the royal capital of the Panchkot Raj, a kingdom ruled by the Singh Deo dynasty for over eight centuries. Some scholars believe “Panch Khunt” refers to the five tribal clans indigenous to the area, a name later simplified by the British to “Panchet.”
According to legend, in the late first century CE (around 80 CE), Raja Jagat Deo of Dhar (in modern Madhya Pradesh) was journeying to Puri on pilgrimage when his queen gave birth to a son at Jhalda, in present-day Purulia. Left behind and believed dead, the child was rescued and eventually founded a line of rulers in this remote, hilly landscape. While the founding myth is debated, historical records confirm that the Singh Deo dynasty shifted its capital to Garh Panchkot around 940 CE and ruled from this fortified hill-base uninterrupted for approximately 810 years.
The kingdom flourished in relative isolation, its rulers originally followers of Shaktism who later came under the spiritual influence of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in the 16th century, embracing Vaishnavism and commissioning the distinctive terracotta temples that survive today. Around 1600 CE, the Singh Deos briefly lost control to Bir Hambir of the powerful Bishnupur Malla dynasty, though they eventually recovered their seat.
The end came dramatically in the mid-18th century. Maratha cavalry, known locally as “Bargis” (a Bengali corruption of bargir, denoting Maratha cavalry whose horses and arms were furnished by the state, as opposed to shiledar soldiers who supplied their own mounts and weapons.), swept into Bengal as a consequence of the power struggle triggered when Nawab Alivardi Khan seized Bengal in 1740 by killing the incumbent Nawab Sarfaraz Khan. Sarfaraz's brother-in-law Rustam Jung, the governor of Orissa, refused to accept Alivardi's authority; defeated militarily, he enlisted the Maratha king Raghoji Bhonsle of Nagpur to help unseat the new Nawab. One of their invasion routes passed directly through Panchet Hill. The small kingdom, valuing pride above pragmatism, chose to resist the vastly superior Maratha forces. The result was devastating: the fort was sacked, the palace demolished, and, according to local folklore, all seventeen queens of the king took their own lives during the assault. The defeated royal family retreated to Kashipur in Purulia district, approximately 30 km to the south, near Adra, where their descendants remain to this day.
Garh Panchkot has lain in romantic ruin ever since, its crumbling watchtowers and terracotta temples slowly being reclaimed by the dense sal and tamal forests of the Chhotanagpur Plateau. The region, historically known as “Maan-Bhum” (Land of Pride), carries this history in its very name.
